使用 certbot 獲取證書
請訪問 certbot instructions 安裝 cerbot。在 CentOS 7 和 8 中使用 certbot 搭配 Cloudflare 插件實現自動更新證書的安裝與配置流程是這樣的：
#安裝 snapd 參考：https://snapcraft.io/docs/installing-snap-on-centos
sudo yum install epel-release
sudo yum install snapd
sudo systemctl enable --now snapd.socket
sudo ln -s /var/lib/snapd/snap /snap
sudo snap install core
sudo snap refresh core
#刪除舊版 certbot
sudo yum remove certbot
#安裝 certbot
sudo snap install --classic certbot
sudo ln -s /snap/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot
sudo snap set certbot trust-plugin-with-root=ok
#安裝 Cloudflare 插件
sudo snap install certbot-dns-cloudflare
#配置 Cloudflare api token
nano .cloudflare.ini
#配置文件內容爲
# Cloudflare API token used by Certbot
dns_cloudflare_api_token = QYuhPLUGSPvN30Yry0CXe3PSYJlkIjc_laJgUifd
#修改配置文件權限
chmod 600 .cloudflare.ini
#申請證書
sudo certbot certonly \
--dns-cloudflare \
--dns-cloudflare-credentials ~/.cloudflare.ini \
--dns-cloudflare-propagation-seconds 60 \
-d ft.shaman.eu.org\
-d plausible.manchuria.eu.org
#測試自動更新
sudo certbot renew --dry-run --dns-cloudflare --dns-cloudflare-credentials ~/.cloudflare.ini --dns-cloudflare-propagation-seconds 60
# crontab 自動更新配置
52 2 * * 0 certbot renew --dns-cloudflare --dns-cloudflare-credentials /home/42/.cloudflare.ini --dns-cloudflare-propagation-seconds 60 --post-hook "nginx -s reload"
#查看當前已經申請的證書
sudo certbot certificates
通過 DNS-01 challenge 方式獲取證書
由於有台服務器未打開 80 端口且用了 Cloudflare 的 CDN，所以採用 DNS 的方式來獲取證書。>
sudo certbot certonly --manual --preferred-challenges=dns -d ft.wupo.info
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NOTE: The IP of this machine will be publicly logged as having requested this
certificate. If you're running certbot in manual mode on a machine that is not
your server, please ensure you're okay with that.
Are you OK with your IP being logged?
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(Y)es/(N)o: Y
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Please deploy a DNS TXT record under the name
_acme-challenge.ft.wupo.info with the following value:
7G6Qad5U7z4u4036tk1e5DAPGZ2WSbaSDFhlYLBnjcQ
Before continuing, verify the record is deployed.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Press Enter to Continue
#此時去 Cloudflare 的 DNS 記錄中新增一條 TXT 類型，名稱是 _acme-challenge.ft，內容為
# 7G6Qad5U7z4u4036tk1e5DAPGZ2WSbaSDFhlYLBnjcQ
# 的記錄，保存後稍微等待一下下待 DNS 生效，然後回來繼續
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
IMPORTANT NOTES:
- Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/ft.wupo.info/fullchain.pem
Your key file has been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/ft.wupo.info/privkey.pem
不使用 snap
有台 CentOS 8 安裝 snap 不成功，使用 pip 來申請 Let’s Encrypt 證書也是很方便的。
首先在 nginx 配置一個空網站，如
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
root /var/www/html;
server_name ft.shaman.eu.org;
}
然後：
sudo dnf install python3 augeas-libs
sudo dnf remove certbot
sudo python3 -m venv /opt/certbot/
sudo /opt/certbot/bin/pip install --upgrade pip
sudo /opt/certbot/bin/pip install certbot certbot-nginx
sudo ln -s /opt/certbot/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot
#生成證書並自動配置 nginx
sudo certbot --nginx
#或僅生成證書
sudo certbot certonly --nginx
小撇步
雖然已經 2024 年底，但是客戶的 CentOS 7 還在運行。安裝的時候不要使用系統自帶的 python3.6，太舊啦。最好自己編譯一個新版 python3 。降級 urllib3 sudo /opt/certbot/bin/pip install urllib3==1.26.7 可以避免 ImportError: urllib3 v2.0 only supports OpenSSL 1.1.1+。
--以下爲久遠內容不足爲看--
藉助於SSL For Free，可以快速申請Let's Encrypt的SSL證書，然後複製到Vesta Panel中就OK啦，非常方便。實在太簡單啦，所以沒什麼可寫的。證書有效期三個月，快過期時可再次免費更新。
nginx中將http重定向到https，可以在配置文件中這樣設置：
server {
listen 80; #listen for all the HTTP requests
server_name example.com www.example.com;
return 301 https://www.example.com$request_uri;
}
SSL For Free的證書直接用在nginx上
Certificate Successfully Generated後，下載生成的證書，合併certificate.crt和ca_bundle.crt
cat certificate.crt >> bundle.crt
printf "\n" >> bundle.crt
cat ca_bundle.crt >> bundle.crt
nginx的配置可以這樣寫
server {
listen 192.111.111.111:443 ssl;
server_name ft.wupo.info;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/42/bundle.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/42/private.key;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
本文更新於 2024/11/29。